Revelation Chapter 11
A. The Temple of God
1. (1) John is instructed to measure the temple, the altar, and its worshippers.
Then I was given a reed like a measuring rod. And the angel stood, saying, “Rise and measure the temple of God, the altar, and those who worship there.”
a. A reed like a measuring rod:
In ancient times, a reed was commonly used as a measuring instrument, akin to a ruler or a yardstick. Here, the reed symbolizes precision and divine scrutiny, showing God's control over His holy space and the worship conducted there.
Ezekiel 40:3-5 (NKJV):
“He took me there, and behold, there was a man whose appearance was like the appearance of bronze. He had a line of flax and a measuring rod in his hand, and he stood in the gateway. And the man said to me, ‘Son of man, look with your eyes and hear with your ears, and fix your mind on everything I show you; for you were brought here so that I might show them to you. Declare to the house of Israel everything you see.’”
This passage parallels the act of measuring as an indication of divine ownership and accountability.
b. Rise and measure the temple of God:
The measuring implies both preservation and judgment. It signifies that God knows and sets the boundaries of His dwelling place, its sanctity, and its worshippers.
Application:
This reminds believers that God intimately knows His church and all who worship Him. He is actively aware of the state of our spiritual lives and actions.
c. The temple of God:
The temple referenced here is not symbolic of the church but a literal Jewish temple that will exist during the tribulation. This temple is central to many end-times prophecies and will serve as the location of the Antichrist’s abomination of desolation.
Matthew 24:15-16 (NKJV):
“Therefore when you see the ‘abomination of desolation,’ spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place (whoever reads, let him understand), then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains.”2 Thessalonians 2:4 (NKJV):
“Who opposes and exalts himself above all that is called God or that is worshiped, so that he sits as God in the temple of God, showing himself that he is God.”Daniel 9:27 (NKJV):
“Then he shall confirm a covenant with many for one week; but in the middle of the week he shall bring an end to sacrifice and offering. And on the wing of abominations shall be one who makes desolate, even until the consummation, which is determined, is poured out on the desolate.”
d. The altar, and those who worship there:
The altar likely refers to the altar of sacrifice, signifying worship and atonement. Measuring those who worship there emphasizes that God’s faithful remnant is known and accounted for during the tribulation period.
Application:
Even in the darkest times, God knows those who are His. He preserves His remnant, just as He protected the 144,000 sealed servants of Israel (Revelation 7:1-8).2 Timothy 2:19 (NKJV):
“Nevertheless the solid foundation of God stands, having this seal: ‘The Lord knows those who are His,’ and, ‘Let everyone who names the name of Christ depart from iniquity.’”
Insights and Lessons:
God’s Sovereignty:
Measuring reflects God’s active control and ownership. He remains sovereign over His dwelling place and people, even in the chaos of the tribulation.A Literal Temple:
This passage strengthens the premillennial, pretribulational view by affirming a literal rebuilt Jewish temple, central to prophetic events, particularly in connection to the Antichrist’s rise.Judgment and Preservation:
The act of measuring reminds us of God's dual role as Judge and Protector. Those who worship Him in spirit and truth are preserved, while those who defile His sanctuary face judgment.
Revelation 11:2
“But leave out the court which is outside the temple, and do not measure it, for it has been given to the Gentiles. And they will tread the holy city underfoot for forty-two months.”
The Outer Court of the Temple
Instruction to Exclude the Outer Court
John is commanded to exclude the outer court of the temple from measurement. The exclusion reflects God's acknowledgment of Gentile control over this area, symbolizing their temporary dominion during this prophetic period. The outer court was historically accessible to Gentiles, representing their indirect relationship to the covenantal promises of Israel.The Dome of the Rock and the Temple’s Location
Scholars suggest that the Dome of the Rock, currently located on the Temple Mount, might align with the excluded outer court.Temple Location Debate: When the Romans destroyed the temple in A.D. 70, they obliterated its foundations so thoroughly that its exact original location remains disputed. Some researchers propose that the temple was slightly north of the Dome of the Rock. If correct, this would allow for a future rebuilt temple to coexist with the Islamic shrine, fulfilling this passage's prophecy that the outer court would belong to the Gentiles.
Historical Context: The Roman Conquest
A.D. 70 Destruction of Jerusalem:
This event fulfilled Jesus' prophecy in Matthew 24:2, which states:
“And Jesus said to them, ‘Do you not see all these things? Assuredly, I say to you, not one stone shall be left here upon another, that shall not be thrown down.’”
The Roman army, led by General Titus, besieged Jerusalem, killing hundreds of thousands and destroying the Second Temple. This obliteration was so complete that the temple’s location became a mystery.Impact on Prophecy: The Roman destruction symbolized divine judgment on Israel but also set the stage for future prophetic fulfillments regarding Gentile control of Jerusalem.
Gentile Dominion for Forty-Two Months
Duration: The forty-two months mentioned here align with the 1,260 days or 3.5 years frequently referenced in prophecy (see Daniel 9:27, Revelation 12:6, Revelation 13:5). This period signifies the second half of the tribulation, often called the Great Tribulation, during which the Antichrist dominates and persecutes Israel.
Luke 21:24: Jesus prophesied this Gentile domination:
“And they will fall by the edge of the sword, and be led away captive into all nations. And Jerusalem will be trampled by Gentiles until the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled.”
This period reflects ongoing Gentile control, beginning with Rome and extending to the future reign of the Antichrist.
Expanded Lessons and Insights
God’s Sovereignty in History
The destruction of the temple and subsequent Gentile domination of Jerusalem reflect God’s providence over human history. Though devastating, these events fulfill divine plans outlined in prophetic Scripture, affirming that nothing happens outside His control.
The Times of the Gentiles
The phrase highlights a specific era in biblical history during which Gentile powers dominate Israel. This period began with the Babylonian exile and continues through the Roman conquest and beyond. It will culminate during the tribulation, as the Antichrist exerts authority over Jerusalem, fulfilling Daniel 7:23-25 and Revelation 13:5-7.
Anticipation of the Third Temple
Modern efforts by groups like the Temple Institute to rebuild the temple on the Temple Mount foreshadow its prophesied construction. While Christians recognize that Jesus’ sacrifice eliminated the need for temple sacrifices (Hebrews 10:10-14), the rebuilding of the temple is essential to fulfill tribulation events like the abomination of desolation in Matthew 24:15.
God’s Faithfulness to Israel
Despite judgment and domination by Gentiles, God remains committed to His covenant with Israel. The temple’s rebuilding and ultimate restoration of Jerusalem reflect His unchanging promises, as seen in Romans 11:25-29:
“For the gifts and the calling of God are irrevocable.”
Revelation 11:3-6
“And I will give power to my two witnesses, and they will prophesy one thousand two hundred and sixty days, clothed in sackcloth. These are the two olive trees and the two lampstands standing before the God of the earth. And if anyone wants to harm them, fire proceeds from their mouth and devours their enemies. And if anyone wants to harm them, he must be killed in this manner. These have power to shut heaven, so that no rain falls in the days of their prophecy; and they have power over waters to turn them to blood, and to strike the earth with all plagues, as often as they desire.”
The Ministry of the Two Witnesses
a. “My two witnesses”
Identity and Purpose
These two witnesses are divinely appointed individuals, specifically empowered by God for a prophetic mission. They represent God's testimony to a rebellious world during the tribulation period.Their ministry is marked by:
Prophetic declaration (they will prophesy).
A call to repentance (clothed in sackcloth).
Divine empowerment (I will give power).
Duration of Ministry
They minister for 1,260 days, equivalent to 42 months or 3.5 years in the prophetic calendar of 360-day years. This places their ministry during the first half or midpoint of the tribulation, depending on interpretive timelines.
Effectiveness of Ministry
Despite the hostile environment, they faithfully witness without being silenced, emphasizing the power of God's protection and purpose.
Comparison to Old Testament Prophets
The two witnesses’ role parallels that of Old Testament prophets like Elijah and Moses, who confronted idolatry and unbelief with miraculous displays of God’s power.
b. “These are the two olive trees and the two lampstands”
Zechariah’s Vision of the Olive Trees
This phrase draws from Zechariah 4:2-3, 14, where the olive trees symbolize an abundant, continual supply of oil for the lampstands, representing the Holy Spirit’s empowering presence.
In Zechariah’s context, the olive trees represented Joshua the high priest and Zerubbabel the governor, who were Spirit-empowered to rebuild the temple.
Application to the Witnesses
Like Joshua and Zerubbabel, the two witnesses are sustained by the Holy Spirit, fulfilling their prophetic mission despite opposition.
The imagery highlights:
Continuity of God’s plan: The Old Testament imagery is used to describe New Testament events.
Dependence on the Spirit: Just as the lamps were directly fed oil from the trees, the witnesses receive continual spiritual sustenance from God.
Lessons for Believers
The power of effective witness comes from:
A personal encounter with Jesus Christ (we must first have something to witness).
A continual filling of the Holy Spirit (Zechariah 4:6: “Not by might nor by power, but by My Spirit,” says the Lord of hosts).
c. “Fire proceeds from their mouth and devours their enemies”
Divine Protection
The witnesses are supernaturally protected, as Elijah was when fire consumed his adversaries (2 Kings 1:9-12). This fiery defense symbolizes God’s unyielding support for His messengers.
Judgment on Opponents
Those who oppose the witnesses are judged immediately, demonstrating the seriousness of rejecting God's truth.
This prefigures ultimate judgment at Christ’s return (Revelation 19:11-21).
d. “These have power to shut heaven… to turn waters to blood… and to strike the earth with all plagues”
Miraculous Powers
The witnesses display powers reminiscent of:
Elijah’s miracles: Stopping rain for three and a half years (James 5:17-18, 1 Kings 17:1).
Moses’ miracles: Turning water to blood and unleashing plagues on Egypt (Exodus 7-12).
Purpose of Miracles
The miracles affirm their divine mission, validate their testimony, and confront the world’s idolatry and unbelief.
Judgment and Mercy
While their actions bring devastating judgment, they also serve as a call to repentance, illustrating God’s mercy even in wrath.
e. “They… these… them” (masculine pronouns)
The Witnesses Are Two Men
The Greek grammar uses masculine pronouns, affirming the witnesses' identity as two men.
Historical Speculations on Identity
Many suggest the witnesses are:
Moses and Elijah: Representing the Law and the Prophets.
Enoch and Elijah: Both were taken to heaven without dying, fulfilling Hebrews 9:27 (appointed for men to die once).
While their exact identity remains speculative, their ministry reflects the spirit and power of previous biblical figures.
Theological and Prophetic Insights
God’s Sovereignty in Witnessing
Even in the darkest times of the tribulation, God ensures His truth is proclaimed powerfully, demonstrating His grace and justice.
Lessons on Faithfulness
The witnesses’ perseverance challenges believers to stand firm in faith, relying on God’s power to fulfill their calling.
Eschatological Fulfillment
The ministry of the two witnesses aligns with prophetic themes of divine judgment and mercy, showing the convergence of Old Testament prophecy and New Testament fulfillment.
Pre-Millennial Application
The two witnesses emphasize God’s ongoing plan for Israel and the nations, affirming His faithfulness to His covenants.
Revelation 11:7-10
“When they finish their testimony, the beast that ascends out of the bottomless pit will make war against them, overcome them, and kill them. And their dead bodies will lie in the street of the great city which spiritually is called Sodom and Egypt, where also our Lord was crucified. Then those from the peoples, tribes, tongues, and nations will see their dead bodies three-and-a-half days, and not allow their dead bodies to be put into graves. And those who dwell on the earth will rejoice over them, make merry, and send gifts to one another, because these two prophets tormented those who dwell on the earth.”
The Death of the Two Witnesses
a. "When they finish their testimony…"
Completion of Ministry
The two witnesses are killed by “the beast that ascends out of the bottomless pit” (Revelation 9:11). This is the first mention of "the beast" in Revelation, likely a reference to the Antichrist or Satan himself.
Their ministry is not prematurely cut short. They finish their God-appointed mission, fulfilling their testimony.
This demonstrates God's sovereignty: no servant of God will be taken from this world until they complete the task God has set before them.
Difference Between Witness and Testimony
Being a witness is about identity—living as a representation of Christ.
Giving testimony is the outward action of proclaiming God’s truth.
Lesson for Believers
Just as the two witnesses were empowered to finish their testimony, believers can trust God’s sovereignty over their lives and ministries. We are called to faithfully serve until God’s work through us is complete.
b. "And their dead bodies will lie in the street of the great city…"
Location of Their Death
The city is identified as Jerusalem, where “our Lord was crucified.” However, it is described spiritually as:
Sodom: Representing immorality and depravity.
Egypt: Symbolizing oppression, slavery, and idolatry.
The great city: A term often associated with Babylon in Revelation (Revelation 16:19, 17:18, 18:10).
Spiritual Condition of Jerusalem
This description reflects the moral and spiritual decay of Jerusalem during the tribulation, likely in league with the Antichrist during the first half of the tribulation.
Theological Insight
The city that was once chosen as God’s dwelling place now reflects the spiritual rebellion of the world. Yet, God’s judgment and restoration of Jerusalem will unfold as part of His redemptive plan.
c. "Those from the peoples, tribes, tongues, and nations will see their dead bodies…"
Worldwide Exposure
The phrase “those from the peoples, tribes, tongues, and nations” points to global awareness.
This could allude to modern mass media, such as live broadcasts or internet streams, enabling people worldwide to witness the event in real-time.
Public Humiliation
The refusal to bury the bodies of the two witnesses symbolizes deep contempt and humiliation.
In ancient cultures, failing to bury the dead was seen as a profound disgrace (Psalm 79:2-3).
Prophetic Accuracy
The detailed prophecy highlights the universal scope of this event and the moral depravity of humanity, celebrating the death of God’s messengers rather than mourning their loss.
d. "Those who dwell on the earth will rejoice over them…"
Earthly Celebration
The phrase “those who dwell on the earth” is a recurring description in Revelation for the ungodly, who are aligned with the world system under Satan’s control.
Their rejoicing reveals their hatred for the truth proclaimed by the two witnesses. The witnesses’ call to repentance “tormented” them because they loved sin and rejected God.
Parody of Christmas
The scene of rejoicing, merrymaking, and gift-giving over the death of the two witnesses is a grotesque parody of Christmas, where God’s gift to humanity is rejected, and the death of His messengers is celebrated.
Modern Relevance
The world’s reaction reflects the increasing hostility toward God’s truth and messengers. People today often reject calls to repentance and instead celebrate ungodliness.
Sin as Torment
“Because these two prophets tormented those who dwell on the earth” highlights how God’s truth convicts and exposes sin. Rather than repenting, the world seeks to silence God’s voice.
Theological and Prophetic Insights
God’s Sovereignty
The two witnesses serve as a reminder that God controls history. Their ministry is divinely timed and unstoppable until His purposes are fulfilled.
Judgment and Mercy
The death of the two witnesses marks a climactic moment of rebellion against God. Yet, even in this moment, their testimony provides an opportunity for repentance.
Spiritual Rebellion
Jerusalem’s spiritual state as Sodom and Egypt warns against religious hypocrisy and a superficial relationship with God.
Modern Lessons
Believers must remain faithful witnesses, understanding that the world may reject or even persecute them for speaking God’s truth. As with the two witnesses, our ultimate victory is secure in Christ.
Revelation 11:11-14
“Now after the three-and-a-half days the breath of life from God entered them, and they stood on their feet, and great fear fell on those who saw them. And they heard a loud voice from heaven saying to them, ‘Come up here.’ And they ascended to heaven in a cloud, and their enemies saw them. In the same hour there was a great earthquake, and a tenth of the city fell. In the earthquake seven thousand people were killed, and the rest were afraid and gave glory to the God of heaven. The second woe is past. Behold, the third woe is coming quickly.”
The Reviving of the Two Witnesses
a. "Now after the three-and-a-half days…"
Divine Restoration
After three-and-a-half days, which mirrors the time of Christ in the tomb, the two witnesses are resurrected by God. This is a demonstration of His power over life and death.
Their resurrection is public and undeniable, witnessed by their enemies and the entire world, as indicated earlier in Revelation 11:9.
Parallel to Ezekiel’s Vision
The phrase “breath of life from God entered them” echoes Ezekiel 37:10 (NKJV): “So I prophesied as He commanded me, and breath came into them, and they lived, and stood upon their feet, an exceedingly great army.” This shows God's ability to restore life to what was thought to be dead, both literally and spiritually.
Fear Fell Upon Their Enemies
The resurrection of the two witnesses causes “great fear” among those who celebrated their deaths. This fear reflects the realization that they opposed God's servants and that God's power is undeniable.
The public nature of their resurrection serves as a final warning of God’s sovereignty.
b. "Come up here…"
A Public Ascension
Following their resurrection, the two witnesses are called up to heaven by a loud voice, much like the church is called in Revelation 4:1 (NKJV): “Come up here, and I will show you things which must take place after this.”
Their ascension “in a cloud” recalls Jesus’ ascension in Acts 1:9 (NKJV): “Now when He had spoken these things, while they watched, He was taken up, and a cloud received Him out of their sight.”
Judgment for the Earth
The earth is not worthy of the two witnesses, so God removes them in a final act of vindication. This act also demonstrates God's approval of their ministry and His rejection of the earth’s rebellion.
Witness to Their Enemies
The witnesses' ascension is public and undeniable, just as their resurrection was. The phrase “their enemies saw them” underscores the shame and terror of those who opposed them.
c. "In the same hour there was a great earthquake…"
Judgment through Earthquake
Immediately following their ascension, a great earthquake shakes Jerusalem, resulting in the destruction of “a tenth of the city.”
This earthquake acts as both a judgment and a sign of God’s power.
Death Toll and Fear
“Seven thousand people were killed.” The number seven often symbolizes completeness or divine action in Scripture, emphasizing that this judgment is directly from God.
Mixed Reactions
“The rest were afraid and gave glory to the God of heaven.”
This response of fear and glory may indicate a momentary acknowledgment of God's sovereignty, but it does not necessarily represent genuine repentance.
True repentance involves a turning away from sin and embracing God’s salvation, not just fear of His power.
The Identity of the Two Witnesses
a. Symbolic or Literal?
Symbolic View
Some interpreters see the two witnesses as symbolic of:
The entire church during the tribulation.
The law and the prophets as witnesses of God’s truth.
Literal View
The most straightforward interpretation is that these are two literal individuals raised up by God during the tribulation. Their unique, miraculous ministry does not easily fit a symbolic interpretation.
b. Leading Candidates for Their Identity
Elijah
Elijah is a strong candidate due to:
His prophetic ministry, which included calling down fire and shutting up the heavens (James 5:17-18, 1 Kings 17:1, 2 Kings 1:10).
The prophecy in Malachi 4:5-6 (NKJV): “Behold, I will send you Elijah the prophet before the coming of the great and dreadful day of the LORD.”
Moses
Moses is often paired with Elijah because:
His ministry included plagues and turning water into blood (Exodus 7:14-24).
Moses and Elijah appeared together at the Mount of Transfiguration (Matthew 17:1-3).
Jude 1:9 mentions a mysterious dispute over Moses’ body, suggesting a special purpose for it.
Enoch
Some suggest Enoch because he, like Elijah, was taken up to heaven without dying (Genesis 5:24).
However, the principle in Hebrews 9:27 (NKJV): “And as it is appointed for men to die once, but after this the judgment” does not require this interpretation, as exceptions (e.g., the raptured church) exist.
A New Pair of Prophets
It is possible the two witnesses are entirely new individuals empowered by God for this specific mission, much like John the Baptist came in the spirit and power of Elijah (Luke 1:17).
Theological Insights and Applications
God’s Sovereignty Over Life and Death
The resurrection and ascension of the two witnesses demonstrate God’s ultimate authority over death. This assures believers that their lives are in God’s hands.
The Purpose of Judgment
The great earthquake and other judgments are not arbitrary but are designed to warn and lead humanity to repentance.
Faithfulness in Ministry
The two witnesses are an example of bold, uncompromising ministry in the face of opposition. Believers are encouraged to stand firm in their witness, trusting God’s timing and protection.
God’s Vindication of His Servants
The resurrection, ascension, and public vindication of the two witnesses remind us that faithful service to God will ultimately be honored.
Revelation 11:15
“Then the seventh angel sounded: And there were loud voices in heaven, saying, ‘The kingdoms of this world have become the kingdoms of our Lord and of His Christ, and He shall reign forever and ever!’”
The Seventh Trumpet
a. "Then the seventh angel sounded…"
The Long-Awaited Seventh Trumpet
The seventh trumpet marks the climactic moment in God’s redemptive plan. It is the final trumpet in the series of seven, signifying the ultimate culmination of God’s judgment, kingdom, and reign.
Contrast to the Seventh Seal
The seventh seal (Revelation 8:1) introduced silence, signifying awe and preparation for the following judgments. The seventh trumpet introduces loud voices in heaven, proclaiming joy and victory.
This progression highlights both the solemnity of judgment and the ultimate celebration of God’s justice and sovereignty.
A Transition Point
The seventh trumpet initiates the final series of judgments—the seven bowls of wrath described in Revelation 16. However, it also serves as a proclamation of victory, declaring the certainty of Christ's reign.
b. "The kingdoms of this world have become the kingdoms of our Lord and of His Christ…"
A Prophetic Declaration
The phrase “have become” in Greek indicates a certainty so strong that it is spoken of as if it has already happened. This reflects the prophetic assurance of God’s sovereignty.
Christ’s Rightful Rule
Though Satan is presently referred to as “the god of this age” (2 Corinthians 4:4) and “the prince of the power of the air” (Ephesians 2:2), this declaration confirms that his rule is temporary.
The ultimate authority and dominion belong to Jesus Christ, who will reign in fulfillment of passages such as Psalm 2:8-9 (NKJV): “Ask of Me, and I will give You the nations for Your inheritance, and the ends of the earth for Your possession. You shall break them with a rod of iron; You shall dash them to pieces like a potter’s vessel.”
Unity of God and Christ
The proclamation emphasizes the unity of God the Father and His Christ (Messiah), demonstrating that the Son shares in the Father’s divine authority and glory.
This echoes Philippians 2:9-11 (NKJV): “Therefore God also has highly exalted Him and given Him the name which is above every name, that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of those in heaven, and of those on earth, and of those under the earth, and that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.”
c. "And He shall reign forever and ever!"
Eternal Reign of Christ
This statement affirms that Christ’s rule will not only be absolute but also eternal.
Daniel 7:13-14 (NKJV) speaks to this eternal kingdom: “I was watching in the night visions, and behold, One like the Son of Man, coming with the clouds of heaven! He came to the Ancient of Days, and they brought Him near before Him. Then to Him was given dominion and glory and a kingdom, that all peoples, nations, and languages should serve Him. His dominion is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, and His kingdom the one which shall not be destroyed.”
Certainty of Fulfillment
Just as political campaign headquarters celebrate victory on election night, anticipating the formal assumption of office, heaven rejoices over the certainty of Christ’s reign—even though the full consummation of His rule is still to come.
This anticipates the millennial reign of Christ, described in Revelation 20, which will culminate in His eternal reign over the new heaven and new earth (Revelation 21-22).
A Reflection of Worship
The declaration points to the ultimate worship and glory that will be given to Christ. It recalls the theme of Handel’s Messiah, where this verse is celebrated in the Hallelujah Chorus: “King of Kings and Lord of Lords, and He shall reign forever and ever!”
Theological Insights
Premillennial Implications
This declaration affirms the premillennial belief that Jesus will return to establish His literal kingdom on earth.
While the kingdom is spiritually present in the hearts of believers now (Luke 17:21), the seventh trumpet looks forward to the physical and visible reign of Christ on earth, beginning with the millennium and extending into eternity.
God’s Sovereignty Over History
The phrase “have become” emphasizes that history is under God’s control. Even in the midst of chaos and judgment, God’s plan is unfolding perfectly.
This reinforces the hope and assurance believers can have in God’s promises.
Christ as the Focal Point of Worship
The proclamation highlights that all of creation will ultimately worship and submit to Christ. This ties into the doxological purpose of history, where God’s glory is revealed and magnified.
Revelation 11:16-18 (NKJV)
“And the twenty-four elders who sat before God on their thrones fell on their faces and worshiped God, saying: ‘We give You thanks, O Lord God Almighty, The One who is and who was and who is to come, Because You have taken Your great power and reigned. The nations were angry, and Your wrath has come, And the time of the dead, that they should be judged, And that You should reward Your servants the prophets and the saints, And those who fear Your name, small and great, And should destroy those who destroy the earth.’”
The Worship of the Twenty-Four Elders
a. "The twenty-four elders… fell on their faces and worshiped God"
The Role of the Twenty-Four Elders
The twenty-four elders represent the redeemed, glorified church in heaven. They are seen throughout Revelation in positions of worship and praise before God (Revelation 4:10-11, Revelation 5:8-10).
Their Posture of Worship
The act of falling on their faces shows absolute humility and submission. Their worship underscores God’s sovereignty over history and His power to bring justice and redemption.
b. "We give You thanks, O Lord God Almighty…"
Thanksgiving for God’s Reign
The elders give thanks, not because the full reign of Christ has already been realized, but because the hour for its fulfillment has come.
The phrase “The One who is and who was and who is to come” emphasizes God’s eternal nature and His unchanging character (Revelation 1:8).
The Proclamation of Victory
“Because You have taken Your great power and reigned” indicates that the events set in motion by the seventh trumpet will lead directly to Christ's earthly reign. The elders praise God for this inevitable triumph, showing their confidence in His sovereignty.
c. "The nations were angry, and Your wrath has come…"
The Nations' Rebellion
“The nations were angry” reflects the persistent rebellion of humanity against God’s authority.
This parallels Psalm 2:1-3 (NKJV): “Why do the nations rage, and the people plot a vain thing? The kings of the earth set themselves, and the rulers take counsel together, against the Lord and against His Anointed, saying, ‘Let us break Their bonds in pieces and cast away Their cords from us.’”
God’s Wrath
“Your wrath has come” signals the initiation of God's righteous judgment against sin and rebellion. This is not arbitrary wrath but a holy and just response to the persistent sin of the nations.
The Clashing Kingdoms
The nations' anger is directed at God’s reign because they reject His authority (Luke 19:14, NKJV: “But his citizens hated him, and sent a delegation after him, saying, ‘We will not have this man to reign over us.’”). This rebellion against God’s rule highlights humanity’s desire for autonomy apart from the Creator.
d. "And the time of the dead, that they should be judged…"
The Judgment of the Dead
This refers to the judgment of the dead, which will be fully realized at the Great White Throne judgment (Revelation 20:11-15). However, this declaration emphasizes that the time for judgment is now inevitable.
Two Aspects of Judgment
Reward for the Righteous: “To reward Your servants the prophets and the saints, and those who fear Your name, small and great.”
The righteous, including Old Testament prophets, New Testament saints, and all believers who revere God, will receive their reward in this kingdom.
This echoes 2 Timothy 4:8 (NKJV): “Finally, there is laid up for me the crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous Judge, will give to me on that Day, and not to me only but also to all who have loved His appearing.”
Punishment for the Wicked: “And should destroy those who destroy the earth.”
The phrase “those who destroy the earth” speaks to humanity's sin and rebellion, which have corrupted God’s creation. This judgment includes all who have defied God and worked against His purposes.
Universal Scope of Judgment
The mention of “small and great” shows that no one is exempt from accountability, whether they are insignificant or prominent in the eyes of the world.
Theological Insights
1. Premillennial Perspective
This passage anticipates the premillennial reign of Christ, where He will return to establish His kingdom and reign on earth for a thousand years (Revelation 20:4-6).
The proclamation of God's reign here aligns with the certainty of His future rule during the millennium and beyond, fulfilling promises made throughout Scripture.
2. God’s Sovereignty and Human Rebellion
The juxtaposition of “the nations were angry” and “Your wrath has come” highlights the clash between human rebellion and divine sovereignty.
Even as humanity rejects God’s authority, He remains in control, and His judgments are righteous and inevitable.
3. Judgment and Reward
The passage reinforces the dual reality of God’s justice.
For the righteous: A time of reward and eternal joy in God’s presence.
For the wicked: A time of judgment and destruction.
Lessons for Believers
Confidence in God’s Plan
Believers can trust that God is sovereign and will fulfill His promises, even when it seems the world is in chaos.
Living in Light of Judgment
Knowing that God will judge both the living and the dead should motivate believers to live faithfully and proclaim the gospel to others.
Worship as a Response to God’s Sovereignty
The worship of the twenty-four elders serves as a model for believers to respond to God’s sovereignty with humility, gratitude, and reverence.
Revelation 11:19 (NKJV)
“Then the temple of God was opened in heaven, and the ark of His covenant was seen in His temple. And there were lightnings, noises, thunderings, an earthquake, and great hail.”
The Temple in Heaven is Opened
a. "The temple of God was opened in heaven"
Access to the Heavenly Temple
The opening of the temple in heaven signifies direct access to God's presence. It reveals a heavenly reality where God dwells and reigns in glory.
This parallels the earthly tabernacle and temple, which were designed as copies of the heavenly reality (Hebrews 8:5, NKJV: “who serve the copy and shadow of the heavenly things, as Moses was divinely instructed when he was about to make the tabernacle. For He said, ‘See that you make all things according to the pattern shown you on the mountain.’”).
A Transition in Revelation
The opening of the temple introduces a new phase in the unfolding judgments of God. It bridges the worship of heaven and the intensifying events on earth.
b. "The ark of His covenant was seen in His temple"
The Ark and God’s Presence
The ark of His covenant, the central symbol of God's presence with His people in the Old Testament, is revealed in heaven. This signifies God's faithfulness to His covenant and His ongoing relationship with His people.
The Ark as God's Throne
The ark of the covenant represented the mercy seat, where God's presence dwelled above the cherubim (Exodus 25:22, NKJV: “And there I will meet with you, and I will speak with you from above the mercy seat, from between the two cherubim which are on the ark of the Testimony.”). In heaven, it emphasizes God's sovereign rule and His unchanging faithfulness.
Faithfulness to His Covenant
The mention of the ark reminds readers of God's unbreakable covenant with His people, a covenant of both judgment and mercy. This is a vivid assurance to believers that God will fulfill His promises.
c. "And there were lightnings, noises, thunderings, an earthquake, and great hail"
Signs of God's Manifested Presence
These phenomena are consistent with other appearances of God in power and glory, such as at Mount Sinai (Exodus 19:16-19, NKJV: “Then it came to pass on the third day, in the morning, that there were thunderings and lightnings, and a thick cloud on the mountain; and the sound of the trumpet was very loud, so that all the people who were in the camp trembled.”).
Judgment and Sovereignty
These displays of power highlight God’s active role in judgment. The lightnings, thunderings, earthquake, and hail serve as warnings of impending wrath and as reminders of God's absolute authority over creation.
Covenant and Judgment Together
The presence of the ark alongside these natural and supernatural signs reminds readers that God's covenant includes both mercy for His people and judgment upon His enemies.
Theological Insights
1. God's Faithfulness in Judgment and Redemption
The ark of His covenant is a clear symbol of God's faithfulness. It reassures believers that God remains true to His promises, even in the midst of judgment.
This vision provides comfort to those who trust in the Lord, knowing that His covenant will ultimately lead to the fulfillment of His redemptive plan.
2. God's Sovereignty Over Earth and Heaven
The imagery of the temple being opened and the ark revealed emphasizes that God's rule is absolute.
The accompanying phenomena reinforce that God is actively involved in the events of history, orchestrating them for His purposes.
3. The Heavenly Temple as the Ultimate Reality
The opening of the heavenly temple shifts the focus from earthly concerns to the eternal and spiritual reality. It reminds readers that the earthly temple was merely a shadow of the true heavenly dwelling place of God (Hebrews 9:23-24).
Lessons for Believers
Trust in God's Covenant
The ark’s appearance reassures believers that God’s promises are unchanging and His covenant is secure. Trusting in Him provides hope amidst trials.
Reverence for God's Sovereignty
The display of God's power through lightnings, thunderings, and earthquakes should evoke awe and worship, reminding believers to live in humility before the Almighty.
Hope in Ultimate Redemption
The vision of the ark in the heavenly temple points forward to the culmination of God's redemptive plan, assuring believers that His kingdom will come in fullness.
Chapter 11 Overview
Revelation 11 is a pivotal chapter that transitions between the first half and the latter half of the tribulation. It includes the measuring of the temple, the ministry and martyrdom of the two witnesses, and the sounding of the seventh trumpet.
Missed or Additional Insights
1. The Measured Temple and Jewish Centrality
Centrality of Israel in the End Times
Revelation 11 reinforces God's plan for Israel during the tribulation. The measuring of the temple is symbolic of God’s preservation of His covenant people, highlighting the centrality of Jerusalem in eschatology. This aligns with Romans 11:25-26 (NKJV): "And so all Israel will be saved, as it is written: 'The Deliverer will come out of Zion, and He will turn away ungodliness from Jacob.'"Contrast with the Church Age
The temple’s rebuilding demonstrates the shift from the Church Age to the final dealings with Israel (Daniel’s 70th week in Daniel 9:24-27). The church is no longer central at this point because it was raptured before the tribulation.
2. The Gentile Trampling of the Holy City
God’s Sovereignty Despite Gentile Rule
The trampling of Jerusalem by the Gentiles for 42 months reflects divine allowance rather than defeat. God’s sovereignty permits this for judgment and fulfillment of prophecy (Luke 21:24, NKJV: "And Jerusalem will be trampled by Gentiles until the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled.").Call to Repentance
The trampling also serves as a warning and invitation for Israel and the Gentile nations to repent during this period of tribulation.
3. The Two Witnesses and Prophetic Ministry
Prophetic Role Mirrors Old Testament The ministry of the two witnesses parallels that of Old Testament prophets:
They call for repentance amidst rampant sin.
Their miracles confirm divine authority, as seen with Moses and Elijah.
Lessons for Believers Today
Faithfulness in Ministry: Like the witnesses, Christians should proclaim the gospel, even in opposition.
God's Protection Until Mission Completion: Psalm 91:11 (NKJV): “For He shall give His angels charge over you, to keep you in all your ways.”
Two Witnesses as Types
Moses and Elijah represent the Law and Prophets, reinforcing that God’s plan involves fulfilling Old Testament promises to Israel.
They also foreshadow the restoration of Israel, per Malachi 4:5-6 (NKJV): “Behold, I will send you Elijah the prophet before the coming of the great and dreadful day of the LORD.”
4. The Response to the Death of the Witnesses
Hardened Hearts Despite Judgment
The world’s celebration of their deaths reveals humanity’s deep rebellion against God. Instead of repentance, there is rejoicing over silencing God’s messengers (Psalm 2:1-3, NKJV: “Why do the nations rage, and the people plot a vain thing? The kings of the earth set themselves, and the rulers take counsel together, against the LORD and against His Anointed, saying, 'Let us break Their bonds in pieces and cast away Their cords from us.'”).The Danger of Rejection
This rejection shows the progression of sin. When truth is continually suppressed, judgment follows (Romans 1:18, NKJV: "For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who suppress the truth in unrighteousness.").
5. The Seventh Trumpet and Its Proclamation
Christ's Ultimate Victory
The sounding of the seventh trumpet is not merely judgment but an announcement of Christ's eternal kingdom. This fulfills promises such as:Psalm 2:6-9 (NKJV): “Yet I have set My King on My holy hill of Zion. I will declare the decree: The LORD has said to Me, 'You are My Son, today I have begotten You.'”
Isaiah 9:7 (NKJV): “Of the increase of His government and peace there will be no end, upon the throne of David and over His kingdom.”
Divine Justice and Rewards
The time has come for rewards (to prophets, saints, and those who fear God) and judgment (to those who destroy the earth). This reflects the just nature of God.
6. The Heavenly Temple and the Ark of the Covenant
God's Faithfulness
The ark’s presence emphasizes that God has not abandoned His covenant people. Even during judgment, His promises to Israel and His redemptive purposes are upheld.Connection to the Mosaic Covenant The ark reminds believers of God’s provision and mercy. While the Mosaic Covenant was fulfilled in Christ, its principles are central to understanding God’s holiness and justice.
Practical Lessons for Believers
God's Timing is Perfect
The delays and sequences in Revelation 11 demonstrate that God's plans unfold in His perfect timing. Believers can trust in His sovereignty even when His timing seems slow.
Faithfulness in Witnessing
The two witnesses show the importance of proclaiming God's truth, even amidst rejection. Modern believers must boldly share the gospel, relying on the Holy Spirit's power.
Hope Amid Judgment
The seventh trumpet assures believers of Christ’s victory. No matter how dark the times, His kingdom will prevail. This hope sustains believers through trials.
Call to Repentance
Revelation 11 emphasizes the need for repentance. God's judgments are not arbitrary but are designed to call humanity back to Him.
Final Considerations
Revelation 11 provides a sweeping view of God's redemptive plan through judgment, restoration, and ultimate victory. It reaffirms premillennial, pretribulational theology by emphasizing:
God’s faithfulness to Israel and His covenant promises.
The rapture of the church prior to the tribulation period.
The necessity of repentance for salvation.
Christ’s ultimate rule as King over all.
The Role of the Gentiles and the Temple
Gentile Involvement in the Temple:
The trampling of the outer court by Gentiles reflects God's allowance of Gentile dominance during the tribulation.
This also connects to Daniel 9:27 (NKJV): “Then he shall confirm a covenant with many for one week; but in the middle of the week he shall bring an end to sacrifice and offering.” The Antichrist's covenant will involve Israel but will ultimately betray them.
The Temple as a Symbol of God's Continuing Work with Israel:
The measuring of the temple reaffirms God's sovereignty and His focus on Israel during the tribulation, distinct from the Church Age.
It emphasizes that God is not finished with Israel, consistent with Romans 11:29 (NKJV): “For the gifts and the calling of God are irrevocable.”
The Witnesses and Spiritual Warfare
Spiritual Empowerment:
The imagery of olive trees and lampstands connects the witnesses to Zechariah 4, symbolizing the continual provision of the Holy Spirit.
Application: Believers today must depend on the Holy Spirit for boldness and effectiveness in their witness (Acts 1:8, NKJV).
The Battle Against Truth:
The world's celebration of the death of the witnesses reflects humanity’s hatred of divine truth. This is mirrored in John 3:19-20 (NKJV): “And this is the condemnation, that the light has come into the world, and men loved darkness rather than light, because their deeds were evil.”
The Global Stage:
The visibility of their ministry and death highlights the global scope of God's judgment. This aligns with the increasing interconnectedness of the world, likely through modern technology.
The Seventh Trumpet and Christ's Reign
A Clear Transition:
The seventh trumpet marks a turning point in the tribulation, as the focus shifts from judgment to the unveiling of Christ's kingdom.
God’s Righteous Judgment:
The elders proclaim God's wrath as righteous, addressing the rebellion of the nations. Psalm 2:1-3 (NKJV): “Why do the nations rage, and the people plot a vain thing?” speaks prophetically of this defiance.
Theological Harmony:
The declaration that the kingdoms of the world have become the kingdoms of Christ mirrors prophecies like:
Isaiah 9:7 (NKJV): “Of the increase of His government and peace there will be no end.”
Daniel 7:14 (NKJV): “Then to Him was given dominion and glory and a kingdom, that all peoples, nations, and languages should serve Him.”
The Heavenly Temple and God's Faithfulness
Ark of the Covenant as Assurance:
The ark's appearance reminds readers of God's faithfulness to His promises, particularly to Israel.
It also points to Christ's role as the ultimate fulfillment of the covenant (Hebrews 9:15, NKJV: “He is the Mediator of the new covenant.”).
God's Holiness and Power:
The accompanying phenomena (lightning, thunder, hail) echo Exodus 19:16-19, emphasizing God’s unapproachable holiness and power.
Key Lessons for Believers Today
God is Always in Control:
The measuring of the temple, the witnesses' resurrection, and the seventh trumpet all emphasize God's sovereignty, even in judgment.
Boldness in Witnessing:
Like the two witnesses, Christians are called to proclaim truth boldly, knowing that God will protect them until their mission is complete.
The Need for Repentance:
The rejoicing of the world over the witnesses' death underscores the depth of rebellion against God. Believers must urge repentance before judgment falls.
Hope in Christ's Reign:
The declaration of Christ's eternal kingdom provides assurance that no matter how dark the world becomes, Jesus will reign forever and ever.
Summary of Additional Insights
Revelation 11 encapsulates God's faithfulness, justice, and ultimate victory. It underscores:
God's covenant with Israel.
The power of Spirit-filled witness.
Humanity’s rejection of God’s truth.
The certainty of Christ's coming kingdom.
Every aspect aligns with premillennial, pretribulational theology, emphasizing God's unfolding plan for Israel and the nations, and His ultimate triumph through Jesus Christ.
Let me know if you'd like further exploration of any of these themes!
